An empirical investigation of socio-economic impacts of agglomeration economies in major cities of Punjab, Pakistan

Agglomeration economies are the external benefits earned from clustering of industries and people in cities. The study assumes unbridled population emerging urban agglomerations turning into diseconomies. This empirically investigates heterogeneous socioeconomic impacts agglomeration selected cities Punjab, Pakistan, 1998 to 2018, using Pooled Mean Group techniques Panel ARDL. determined by density, number registered factories, employment size, housing, Punjab. designed four indices for conditions principal component analysis. These include: education-index, healthcare-index, water & sanitation-index, economic conditions-index. Research findings reveal pressures high unemployment, costly housing on educational healthcare facilities, poor sanitation waste management, Pakistan. suggests that policy makers planners develop short term long policies development plans villages secondary uplift wellbeing local population. Nonetheless, need decentralize sustainable management.